New political equations in North India: Mayawati, Mulayam, and government instability in Uttar Pradesh

Article Abstract:

The northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh has been experiencing governmental instability since the start of the 1990s. It has had five different governments, three Legislative elections, two extended periods of central government control, and widespread political violence and civil unrest. Several factors have contributed to such instability, particularly the establishment and subsequent collapse of the coalition between Mulayam Singh Yadav's Samajwadi Party and Mayawati and Kanshi Ram's Bahujan Samaj Party. The relations between the two parties and their leading personalities are examined.

Political aspects, Political parties, India, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Japan and the Northern Territories dispute: past, present, future

Article Abstract:

The 1955-56 negotiations between Japan and Russia for the recognition of Japanese sovereignty of the Northern Islands of Kuriles, southern Sakhalin, Etorofu and Kunashiri ended in Russia's rejection of Japan's proposals. Important issues of the 1955-56 talks such as Japan's membership to the UN Security Council and Russian interests in the Sea of Okhotsk still remain unresolved. Japan has refused to give full-scale assistance to Russia after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, as Russia has not recognized Japanese sovereignty.

Russia, Japanese foreign relations, Russian foreign relations, Kuril Islands

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Government elites and amakudari in Japan, 1963-1992

Article Abstract:

Many scholars credit Japan's rapid economic progress since the end of World War II on the process known as amakudari, or descent from heaven, in which top bureaucrats are recruited to senior management positions in private companies after their retirement from the government. A study showing the high level of penetration of retired government officials in sensitive positions in industry proves the dominance of this concept in Japan.

Management, Economic aspects, Public officers, Government officials

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