The Urdu - English controversy in Pakistan
Article Abstract:
English remains the official language of Pakistan though Urdu is supported by the Urdu proto-elite and middle classes as a unifying symbol of Muslim and Pakistani identity. The ruling elite supports English in formal situations and view it as a determining factor of class and privilege. Ethno-nationalists consider Urdu too representative of Punjabi power and prefer use of native languages. Though several large groups would prefer Urdu as the national language, they are aware of the need for English study to compete in academic and business circles.
Publication Name: Modern Asian Studies
Subject: Regional focus/area studies
ISSN: 0026-749X
Year: 1997
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Language and ethnicity in Pakistan
Article Abstract:
Modernity cannot erase tribal and sub-tribal identities. In Pakistan, ethnicity exists through pre-modern, native languages and can be treated as a form of communal esteem. The efficacy of ethnic groups is also an instrument used by their leaders in advancing political pursuits. The Pakistani government has viewed ethnic assertions as a threat to its administration. By accepting the language movements as part of its national domain, ethnicity would prove to be an ally and not an enemy.
Publication Name: Asian Survey
Subject: Regional focus/area studies
ISSN: 0004-4687
Year: 1997
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The celebration of failure as dissent in Urdu ghazal
Article Abstract:
A critique is presented on India's ghazal genre of dissident poetry. Topics include religious and socioeconomic influences, both within and outside India, and the historic basis of Urdu as a common rather than an elite language, suitable for protest.
Publication Name: Modern Asian Studies
Subject: Regional focus/area studies
ISSN: 0026-749X
Year: 1999
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