The Needham puzzle: why the Industrial Revolution did not originate in China

Article Abstract:

China's scientific and technological level in the 14th century was unsurpassed by any other civilization at that time. In those times, technological and scientific discoveries were made by artisans and farmers, of which China had a good number because of its large population. However, China failed to progress to the scientific method of mathematized hypotheses, controlled experiments and test replications because of bureaucracy and the lack of genuine inquiry due to domination by leaders with absolute political power. This explains why China did not have an industrial revolution in the 14th century and continues to lag behind the Western world in modern times.

China, History, Economic development, Technology and civilization, Technology and society, Science, Chinese history, Culture, Science and civilization

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Risk sharing and private transfers: what about urban households?

Article Abstract:

A study of 507 low-income urban households in Cartagena, Columbia, reveals patterns in risk sharing and private transfers. Costs and benefits for insurance are different for urban and rural environments. The implementation of state sponsored unemployment insurance could affect the incentives for private groups to offer support. State sponsored support could also provide a foundation for further private development.

Social aspects, Colombia, Cities and towns

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The puzzle of interlocking power hierarchies: sharing the pieces of jurisdictional authority

Article Abstract:

The author discusses multicultural and its potentially negative effect on the idea of universal citizenship. A comprehensive multicultural citizenship model is proposed.

International, Models, Multiculturalism, Citizenship

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