Black heroes in sport: from Jack Johnson to Muhammad Ali

Article Abstract:

African American sports heroes exemplified behaviors characterized by accommodation, avoidance and aggression. Boxer Jack Johnson was noted for the methodical way he handled bouts and his sexual exploits with white women, while Joe Louis was more discrete with his sexual relationships. Track and field athlete Jesse Owens chose the practical approach of accommodation and patience en route to success, while baseball player Jackie Robinson opted to endure discrimination while proving his worth in the playing field. Muhammad Ali, on the other hand, showed all operative modes of the behavioral model.

Behavior, Personalities, Sports, African American athletes

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Muhammad goes to Hollywood: Michael Mann's Ali as Biopic

Article Abstract:

The story unfolds Cassius Clays, a heroic black man with dazzling boxing and verbal skills, defies the American establishment by choosing his own name as Muhammad Ali and by refusing to fight in Vietnam. Ali simply reproduces a champion with whom modern society has grown comfortable and represents accommodation rather than confrontation who is supposed to rekindle faith in the american dream.

United States, Portrayals, Biographical films, Biographical movies, Ali, Muhammad (American boxer)

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Social morality in the antebellum black press

Article Abstract:

The black press played a socialization role and was crucial in messages of social morality during the pre-Civil War era by adhering to the ethos of American democracy, civility and literature. Regardless of racial oppression, these newspapers persisted in publishing these messages.

Social aspects, African American press

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