Pathology and epizootiology of Entomophaga maimaiga infections in forest lepidoptera

Article Abstract:

Epizootiology and pathology of Entomophaga maimaiga (a fungus) infections in forest lepidoptera are discussed. DNA analysis shows that the fungal strain of E. maimaiga in North America now is significantly different from North American members of the same species complex, the lepidoptera-specific Entomophaga aulicae species complex. The pathogen was purposely introduced for biological control of L. dispar (gypsy moth) in 1910-11. The strain seen now may be from a more recent accidental introduction. So far isolates of the introduced pathogen have little heterogeneity in North America. Nonsuseptible lepidopteran larvae have been found. E. maimaiga cannot penetrate the cuticle or cannot survive inside the hemocoel. Range and density are discussed.

Infection, Diseases, North America, Natural history, Bacillus thuringiensis, Fungi, Identification and classification, Microbiology, Taxonomy (Biology), Population genetics, Insect pests, Biological insect control, Forest ecology, Lepidoptera, Biogeography, Pest introduction, Gypsy moth, Gypsy moths

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Alkaliphiles: some applications of their products for biotechnology

Article Abstract:

Some applications of products of alkaliphiles, microorganisms that grow best or very well at pH values above 9 but that cannot grow or do not grow well near neutral, are discussed. Biological detergents contain alkaline enzymes from alkaliphiles and industrial production of cyclodextrin by alkaline cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase is an important application related to foods, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Much of enzyme production is for the laundry detergent market. are alkaliphiles. Alkali-treated wood pulp might be biologically bleached by xylanases from alkaliphiles.

Japan, Usage, Product development, Microorganisms, Detergents, Synthetic, Detergents, Biotechnology, Bleaching, Cyclodextrins, Hydrogen-ion concentration, Industrial microbiology, Wood-pulp, Wood pulp

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Retroviral DNA integration

Article Abstract:

Retroviral DNA integration, in which double-stranded linear viral DNA is inserted into the host genome catalyzed by virus-encoded integrase, is discussed with attention to mechanism. This is a unique enzymatic process of retroviruses and retrotransposons. Topics include mutations in two avian sarcoma virus long terminal repeats that influence integration. Reconstitution of human immunodeficiency virus concerted DNA integration is discussed.

Physiological aspects, HIV (Viruses), HIV, Genetic aspects, DNA, Retroviruses, DNA-ligand interactions, DNA binding, Catalysis

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