Fourth-generation R&D: from linear models to flexible innovation

Article Abstract:

The management of research and development (R&D) has gone through a four-phase evolution. In the first phase, from its beginnings in the mid-19th century to the 1950s, R&D was largely based on serendipity and was isolated from other firm activities. In the second phase, in the 1950s and 1960s, the basic routines of project management were adopted. In the third phase, in the 1970s and 1980s, R&D became nonlinear as business development groups appeared within firms. In the final phase, in the 1980s and 1990s, technological alliances increased the nonlinear flows from outside the firm.

Research & Development, Scientific Research and Development Services, Methods, Project management, Usage, Industrial research, Research institutes, History, Technological innovations, Strategic alliances (Business)

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Strategic partnerships in Canadian advanced materials

Article Abstract:

Partnerships between private firms and government agencies in the Canadian advanced materials industry were examined. In the area of research and development, it has been found that innovations are easily introduced in the industry since the strong interactions between the companies and government institutions provide updated information on the latest discoveries or technologies. Furthermore, the partnerships have been found to come in long-term agreements, dual partnerships and produce collective management.

Canada, Research and development partnership, Research and development partnerships, Advanced materials industry

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The use of discrete choice models in the determination of community choices in public issue areas impacting on business decision making

Article Abstract:

Discrete choice models were used with conjoint choice data to identify community preferences for plans to improve traffic to business and industrial districts. This is a way by which business may make sound environmental decisions regarding site location through increased sensitivity to local residents' needs and concerns.

Social aspects, Models, Traffic engineering, Corporate social responsibility, Store location

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