Massive retail industry propels U.S. economy

Article Abstract:

A survey on both traditional full-line and specialty department stores and full-line mass merchandise retailers has shown that the US economy is significantly dependent on retail trade. This is further evidenced by how retail sales and total spending on goods and services accounted for 32% and 61%, respectively, of the country's gross domestic product in 1998. However, as more and more markets become saturated, a growing number of big retail companies are resorting either to massive consolidation, expansion into new markets overseas or development of new formats to better adapt to the marketplace.

Retail Trade, United States, Industry Overview, Surveys, United States economic conditions, Merchandising

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Spatial and temporal shifts in the development of international retail images

Article Abstract:

The international images of retail stores, Marks & Spencer of the United Kingdom and C&A of France, were compared using data from British and French samples of individuals. British respondents of the survey had the general perception that Marks & Spencer gave better service. Results also showed price ratings of both stores to be the same, despite slightly higher prices of Marks & Spencer in Continental Europe.

Department Store Chains, United Kingdom, Research, Advertising, Marks and Spencer PLC, C and A, Institutional advertising

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Strategy and opportunism in European retail internationalization

Article Abstract:

Issues concerning the internationalization of European retailing are discussed. It is suggested that trends in international retailing in Europe contain a highly opportunistic element. Opening shops outside the domestic market has now become essential if retailers are to continue to expand.

Europe, International aspects

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