Wage structures in the private and public sectors in West Germany

Article Abstract:

Differences in unconditional mean wages in the public and private sectors of West Germany can be explained by the educational background and average age gap between the two groups. Although the unconditional mean wage in public sector is significantly higher than the other, the raw differentials are easily seen for female employees than their male counterparts. Wages of male employees for all education groups are significantly higher in the private sector than in the public sector. In contrast, females from all education groups receive higher wages in the public sector than in the private sector.

Employee Wages & Salaries, Social aspects, Models, Evaluation, Employment, Compensation management, Wages, Wages and salaries, Wage payment systems, West Germany

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There is more to trade than trade: an analysis of the U.S./Canada Trade Agreement 1988

Article Abstract:

The U.S. and Canada purportedly signed a Free Trade Agreement on October 4, 1987. The agreement, however, was not "free" trade and had consequences well beyond the theater of commerce. The agreement embraces energy, investment, capital markets, supply-management of agriculture, and cultural identity. Canada's continuing struggle for economic independence and for coherent nationhood has been made immeasurably more difficult by the Trade Agreement. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

United States, Interpretation and construction, Commercial treaties, Trade agreements, Treaties

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Canada tries to rewin the West

Article Abstract:

A national energy policy and constitutional reform are at the heart of this federal-provincial controversy within Canada.

Regulation, admin. of utilities, Economic aspects, National government, Federal government, Federal-provincial controversies

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