Pollution controls cut productivity in brewing industry

Article Abstract:

Although Canadian laws have set pollution control standards, established fines and prison sentences for pollution law violations, and offered economic assistance to companies attempting to comply with pollution regulations, the failure to enforce these laws has resulted in continuing environmental damage. The only effective pollution controls are the effluent charges levied by Canada's cities against companies, based upon the amounts of pollutants discharged by the companies. A study of breweries operating in Canada indicates that these effluent changes, including surcharges on sewage, encourage companies to find ways to avoid polluting the environment.

Laws, regulations and rules, Pollution, Industrial wastes

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Measuring productivity: a new approach

Article Abstract:

Traditional measurements of productivity are quoted as output per man-hour statistics; however, since these quantify productivity in terms of time and labor only, while ignoring other inputs (including technological developments and market changes), a new measurement technique has been proposed, called total factor productivity (TFP). TFP reports productivity in terms of capital spent, labor expended, and amounts of energy and materials used (and the costs thereof). A TFP analysis of the Canadian economy indicates that decreasing productivity is not a function of labor, but of rising energy and material prices.

Analysis, Innovations, Measurement, Economic indicators, Production standards, Labor productivity, Productivity accounting, Performance standards, Job performance standards, Labour productivity

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Specializing boosts productivity in Canadian manufacturing

Article Abstract:

In the 1970s, Canada's reduced tariffs encouraged manufacturing corporations to specialize, while allowing them to lengthen production runs. Such specialization and increased productivity were not deterred by increased plant size or foreign (primarily U.S.) ownership. Industries with high tariffs tended to have shorter production runs and greater diversity; therefore, tariffs are identified as the primary factor affecting Canadian manufacturing, and lower tariffs are believed to improve productivity.

Manufacturing industry, Manufacturing industries, Economic aspects, Statistics, Tariffs

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