Molecular evolution of antibody cross-reactivity for two subtypes of type A botulinum neurotoxin

Article Abstract:

The X-ray co-crystal structures of wild-type and cross-reactive antibodies complexed to botulinum neurotoxin type A1 (BoNT/A1) and the thermodynamic contribution of BoNT/A1 and A2 amino acids to wild-type and cross-reactive antibody binding are determined to find the molecular basis for improved cross-reactivity. The results have shown how an antibody can be engineered to bind two different antigens despite structural differences in the antigen-antibody interface and have also provided a general strategy for tuning antibody specificity and cross-reactivity.

Observations, Crystals, Crystal structure, Botulinum toxin, Botulinum toxins, Molecular evolution, Antigen-antibody reactions, Structure

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Lessons from the 1918 influenza

Article Abstract:

The transmission and lethality of avian influenza virus are attributed to a host -immune response. The control can be achieved by immune-intervention strategies like identification of host genes responsible for an immune response.

Control, Viral genetics, Immunogenetics, Avian influenza, Clinical report

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Reprogramming by the numbers

Article Abstract:

The studies have shown that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are indistinguishable from embryonic stem (ES) cells. The significance of iPS cells is described from three different points of view.

Properties, Somatic cells, Embryonic stem cells, Nuclear reprogramming

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