The economics of poverty in poor countries

Article Abstract:

A relation between poverty, high fertility and undernourishment on the one hand, and degradation of the local environmental-resource base and civic disconnection, on the other, exist in poor countries. This relation highly regards increased fertility rates in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian sub-continent, associating it to environmental deterioration. An effective course available for reducing fertility rates in the semi-arid regions includes the simultaneous deployment of several policies. Aside from family-planning services, other policies should emphasize on provision of infrastructural goods and measures to increase the economic security of the poor.

Economics, Research and Development in the Social Sciences and Humanities, Economic aspects, Developing countries, Poverty

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Comment on Z. Griliches, "The Search for R&D Spillovers." (response to article by Zvi Griliches in this issue, p. S29)

Article Abstract:

A study on research and development (R & D) spillovers was subtantiated with the addition of three related ideas. The relationship between economic unit knowledge and product development can be expressed as K(sub ai) is equal to the summation W(sub ij) multiplied by K(sub j). The technological leadership of the US in the 50s and 60s no longer holds. Finally, public and private R & D interaction generates an implicit assumption which might not hold in western Europe and even in the US.

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The search for R&D spillovers

Article Abstract:

A model describing research and development (R and D) spillovers is analyzed. The foundation of such a model and evidence of its existence and range is studied. Earlier research on the topic is analyzed to determine supporting evidence for it. Results indicate that R and D spillovers are existent and dominant. These spillovers serve as a foundation on which some recent economic development models are based.

Models

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