Why a 'community of Europeans' could be a community of exclusion: a reply to Howe

Article Abstract:

Paul Howe's arguments that the process of community building in the European Union is based on the abstract 'belief that others are of the same community' is faulty. Howe failed to address the issues of exclusionary Union citizenship and restrictive immigration policies. The politics of exclusion and belonging are part of any community building process. The perception that others belong to a different community characterizes the European Union community building process.

Analysis, Political activity, International aspects, International relations, Race relations

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The community-method after Amsterdam

Article Abstract:

Nine ideal-type characteristics of the community-method were explored as the principles that made the European Union different from other intergovernmental organizations. These include integration through solidarity, functional division of powers between the institutions, attempts to overcome the unanimity trap and democratic decision-making. However, it was shown that the community-method's contributions in making the EU more effective have been small.

Treaties & Intnl Law, Management, Interpretation and construction, International economic relations, Agricultural policy, Treaties

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