Consolidating European power: synchronous coupling of the power grids on either side of the former iron curtain makes economic sense

Article Abstract:

European countries, labeled either 'western bloc' or 'eastern bloc' according to which side of the iron curtain they were on, are now working to consolidate European electrical power. The challenge is whether the countries should continue their expensive and unnatural electrical exchanges via current dc converter stations or whether the systems should be synchronized to ensure least-cost energy exchanges and greater political and economic solidarity. Large European trade contracts may be likely in the future, although popular opposition makes it difficult to build generating plants in some countries, which are then forced to buy electric energy in far from negligible quantities from other countries. Ac and dc interconnection, stapled systems, existing ac lines and international collaboration are discussed.

Usage, Telecommunications systems, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Electricity, Connectivity, Europe, Western, Synchronous, Alternating current (Electricity), International, Coupling, Europe, Eastern, Direct current (Electricity), Direct current, Alternating current

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Yes, it makes a difference!

Article Abstract:

Every problematic situation has to be solved by the right tool and not just by any kind of systematic approach contrary to popular opinion. The latter may result in a solution that is less than optimal. The tool to be used should respond to either of three typical situations: the need to restore previous conditions, to enhance performance and to come up with conditions that represent a complete change from earlier ones.

Methods, Problem solving

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The citation impact of research collaborations: the case of European biotechnology and applied microbiology (1988-2002)

Article Abstract:

A study conducted to quantify the citation impact and the relative importance of research collaborations by analyzing the collaborative knowledge production in European biotechnology for the period 1988-2002, is presented

Europe, Science & research, Drugs, Research, Analysis, Microbiology, Biotechnology, Cooperative research

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