Did Japan declare war?

Article Abstract:

There is controversy over the issue of whether Japan declared war on the US on 07 December 1941, as it has never been made clear if the noted delivered to the US Secretary of State was an ultimatum indicating war. Professor at the International Christian University in Tokyo, Takeo Iguchi, discovered contemporary Japanese Foreign Ministry documents that provide insights into the complex manoeuvres during that time between the Foreign Ministry and the military. However there remains much obscurity in the story of the significant time between 13.00 and 14.20 when Japan and the US were unsure if they were at war or not.

Records and correspondence, Pearl Harbor, Attack on, 1941

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The development of democracy in Japan

Article Abstract:

Democratic transition in Japan dates back to the 1890 Meiji Constitution, which set up the Imperial Diet based on the peoples will. Provisions for opposition were made, but political dissent was accommodated only towards the end of the century. Extra-parliamentary opposition, such as demonstrations, were a prominent feature in the development of Japanese democracy. Universal male suffrage was introduced by Kato Komei's government in 1925. The survival of civil power against the military onslaught since 1931 attests to Japan's democratic spirit. The 1946 Constitution made the people of Japan sovereign.

Democracy

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The precarious political balance in Japan

Article Abstract:

Japanese politics seem to have stabilized following years of turmoil, but there are threats to this stability, factional in-fighting in the ruling LDP, the continuing economic crisis and the fragility of existing coalition arrangements. Japanese politics have been resilient and the dominant, but divided LDP still depends on old constituencies and practices, while the weak and divided opposition cannot challenge the LDP.

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