Prairie madonnas and pioneer women: images of emigrant women in the art of the old West

Article Abstract:

The image of the American woman in the art of the old West, during the period 1840-1930, initially promoted westward expansion of the Euro-Americans, and later celebrated their successful conquest of the West. The Prairie Madonna image of a passive and vulnerable woman dominated the artists' conception of the emigrant woman from 1840-1890. The transformation into the sturdy, self-reliant Pioneer Woman in the post-1890 period symbolized the conquest. The images of emigrant women are nuanced with issues of gender, westward expansion, and cultural hegemony persistent in the West.

United States, Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Portrayals, Art, Artists, Western States, Women immigrants

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Ignorance and the technology of information: some comments on China's knowledge of the West on the eve of the "Western invasion."

Article Abstract:

Chinese scholars need to focus enhanced attention on gaining and providing insight to various population subgroups on the intricacies of other cultures and civilizations to clear stereotypical misconceptions of the outside world prevalent in the Chinese society for ages. Insightful knowledge of non-Chinese societies is vital for China's growth in socioeconomic stature in adherence to the of the norms of the global society.

Social aspects, China, Planning, Intercultural communication

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Expert systems and the representation of knowledge

Article Abstract:

Nuckoll (1993), in his review of the book, 'Expert Systems,' demands that expert systems, or artificial intelligence systems that allow laymen to perform expert tasks, be structured like the human brain's cognitive processes. Contrary to Nuckoll's understanding, expert systems address both hierarchically and nonhierarchically formed knowledge. They also acknowledge individual differences other than shared knowledge.

Evaluation, Artificial intelligence, Expert systems

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