A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich

Article Abstract:

Normal body temperature should be considered to be 98.2 degrees F and 99.9 degrees F should be the upper limit of normal body temperature. A study of 148 healthy adults ages 18 through 40 showed that normal temperatures differed from results of studies published in 1868. These earlier results were from 1 million axillary temperature readings. Current research found that 98.9 degrees F is the upper limit of normal temperatures in the early morning and 99.9 degrees F is the upper limit of normal in the afternoon. Black people tended to have higher temperatures than white people in the current study. Wunderlich's work, published in 1868, measured axillary temperature (under the armpit), not oral temperature. The original work did not consider the affect of age, race or great individual differences, which make determining the average more difficult.

Measurement, Statistics, Body temperature, Temperature measurements, Temperature measurement

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Medicine and public health: pursuing a common destiny

Article Abstract:

The national office of the Medicine/Public Health Initiative has been established at The University of Texas at Houston. The initiative grew out of a lecture on the divergence of medicine and public health to a joint audience of students and faculty in medicine and public health. From this came a national congress in Chicago in March, 1996 that sought to bring both disciplines together. In the past, medicine focused on the individual patient while public health focused on the health of communities. The rise of managed care has fostered cooperation between medicine and public health.

Innovations, Public health, Medical cooperation

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Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant mutivalent group A streptococcal vaccine in healthy adults

Article Abstract:

The safety and immunogenity of ascending doses of a recombinant fusion peptide group A streptococcal vaccine containing N-terminal M protein fragments from sereotypes 1,3,5,6,19 and 24 in healthy volunteers are evaluated. The result provide the first evidence in humans that a hybrid fusion protein is a feasible strategy for evoking type-specific opsonic antibodies against multiple serotypes of group A.

General services, Safety and security measures, Peptides, Vaccines

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