Youth Education and Work in Mexico

Article Abstract:

A holistic approach to schooling in developing countries--considering schooling in conjunction with labor force work, child care, and other household responsibilities--is necessary to construct policies that will encourage greater educational attainment, especially for children and youth in poor families. Using data from the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU), we jointly estimate the determinants of studying and working, doing both, or doing neither for 12- to 17 year-olds in urban Mexico. We consider the implications of defining work to include both labor force employment and household domestic work, in contrast to the traditional definition of market-based employment. Results based on the traditional definition indicate that girls are 13.8 percentage points more likely than boys to specialize in school, while those based on the more inclusive measure of work indicate that girls are 7.7 percentage points less likely than boys to specialize in school. [C] 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Key words -- Latin America, Mexico, education, child labor, gender, housework

Mexico

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Backward Vertical Linkages of Foreign Manufacturing Affiliates: Evidence from Japanese Multinationals

Article Abstract:

We examine the determinants of backward vertical linkages established by multinational firms in host economies through an analysis of the local content ratio of 272 Japanese electronics manufacturing affiliates in 24 countries. Host country factors promoting vertical linkages are the quality of infrastructure and the size of the local components supply industry, while restrictive trade policies have a detrimental effect. Local content regulations have a positive impact but do not stimulate procurement from locally owned suppliers. Experienced affiliates, joint ventures and acquired affiliates, and--in less-developed economies--affiliates of less R&D-intensive firms exhibit more extensive vertical linkages. Finns belonging to Japanese vertical industrial groups (keiretsu) show higher procurement from local clusters of affiliated Japanese suppliers. [C] 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Key words -- Japan, world, vertical linkages, foreign direct investment, subcontracting, electronics industry

Japan

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Literacy and Intrahousehold Externalities

Article Abstract:

The size of the intrahousehold externality created when a literate household member provides literacy services to illiterate members is estimated in this paper, using a model of children's height-for-age in Papua New Guinea. This externality appears to be large. These results support the use of a new measure of literacy, developed by Basu and Foster (1998) to take account of the gains when illiterates live in households where at least one person is literate. Regional rankings change when the new measure of literacy is used, suggesting that policies guided by the usual measure of adult literacy may overlook an important pathway for human development. [C] 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Key words -- development indicators, externalities, human development index, literacy, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Islands

Papua New Guinea

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