European Communities restrictions on imports of beef treated with hormones - nontariff trade barriers - control of food additives - scientific basis for restrictions - WTO dispute settlement mechanism - scope of review

Article Abstract:

The report issued by the World Trade Organization Appellate Body on Jan 16, 1998, regarding the European Communities (EC) ban on importing beef from the US that contains growth hormones may not settle a dispute that exists within a context of changing scientific and commercial rules. The report relaxed rulings issued by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Uruguay Round Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement, which requires scientific tests to determine compliance. The relationship among scientific tests, public health, and trade agreements will be tested by the EC's determination to conduct more studies.

United States, International aspects, International trade regulation, Beef industry, Food law

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European Community - human rights - discrimination against lesbians and gay men in the workplace - interpretation of Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome and Equal Pay Directive of the European Community - meaning of "discrimination based on sex"

Article Abstract:

The Court of Justice of the European Communities, in Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd., ruled that the ban on discrimination based on sex in Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome does not include discrimination based on sexual orientation. The ruling permits employers to extend benefits to common-law opposite-sex partners but not same-sex partners. The Court's holding overlooked that discrimination based on sexual orientation is really a classification based on sex.

Employment discrimination

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Human rights - discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation - parental custody rights - privacy - criminal restrictions on private sexual activity: Salgueiro da Silva Moutav v. Portugal; A.D.T. v. United Kingdom

Article Abstract:

The author reviews two cases in which the European Court of Human Rights found that discrimination against gay men had occurred. He states that the Court is becoming a greater defender of the rights of homosexuals under the European Convention on Human Rights.

Laws, regulations and rules, Privacy, Right of, Right of privacy, Custody of children, Child custody, Gay parents

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