Black market invisibles

Article Abstract:

Illegal international trade in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) developed even before the industrial nations' production ban took effect on Jan 1, 1996. CFCs, chemicals used especially in air-conditioning and refrigeration machinery, were prohibited because they deplete the Earth's ozone layer. Russia is suspected to be the major source for illegal CFCs. The CFC black market in the US was estimated to be between 20 million and 40 million lb/yr during 1994 and 1995. The European black market is estimated at 6,000 to 10,000 tpy. Retrofitting costs and tax hikes on legal CFCs have probably spurred the illegal trade.

International trade, International aspects, Causes of, Environmental aspects, Smuggling, Environmental protection, Ozone layer depletion, Chlorofluorocarbons, Offenses against the environment, Environmental crimes

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Europe and the euro

Article Abstract:

The European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is on its way to establishing a stable euro currency for its 11 member countries. The Jun 1997 Stability and Growth Pact will enforce fiscal adjustment and provide a framework to maintain budget credibility. The euro will benefit the member states by showing less vulnerability to fluctuations in the exchange rate and will herald the establishment of one the world's largest financial markets.

Management, Europe, Economic policy, Euro (Currency), European Monetary System, Macroeconomics, Economic stabilization

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Casting in the deep

Article Abstract:

Illegal fishing is one of the major barriers to achieving sustainable fisheries management, causing a major loss of revenue in nations that rely heavily on fisheries for food, livelihood, and income. The wide-ranging impact of illicit fishing requires a coordinated, international effort such as the High Seas Task Force, where experiences and skills are shared between fisheries groups and countries to eliminate illegal products.

Commercial Fishing, Fish hatcheries and preserves, Fishing, Hunting & Trapping, Fishing, Hunting and Trapping, Labor Distribution by Employer, Interpretation and construction, Economic aspects, Statistics, Fish industry, Fisheries, Fish populations, Fishery law, Fishing laws, Law overview

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