The Energy Charter Treaty and trade: a guide to the labyrinth

Article Abstract:

The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is a multilateral agreement limited to the energy sector which was signed on Dec. 17, 1994. The ECT covers several areas ranging from investment and transit to trade and the environment. Concerning trade, the ECT incorporates by reference some provisions of the GATT and its related documents and determines applicable rules on the basis of whether or not the ECT Contracting Parties are party to the GATT, and, if so, whether as part of GATT 1947 or GATT 1944.

Regulation and Administration of Communications, Electric, Gas, and Other Utilities, Energy Policy NEC, International aspects, Energy policy

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Injury-causality test under Canadian trade remedy law: a case study of subsidized boneless manufacturing beef from the EEC

Article Abstract:

Canada's Special Import Measures Act was enacted in 1984 to implement the the GATT Subsidies Code of 1979. A 1986 investigation by the Canadian Import Tribunal over manufacturing beef imported from the EC demonstrates the measures an investigation must pursue to prove material injury from trade subsidies. The Canadian tribunal used a sophisticated econometric model that might not lend itself to other investigations and is not sufficient evidence on its own to prove unfair trade.

Cases, International trade, Unfair competition (Commerce), Unfair competition, Beef industry

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Prospects for liberalization of trade in agriculture

Article Abstract:

There is a misconception that European farmers do not really exert an impact on public policy because they constitute only about 5% of the total EU labor force and therefore public financial support for them cannot rally amount to much in the overall European economy. However, it will be shown that the high cost of farm protection in Europe has far-flung economic consequences as well as other consequences transcending the economic sphere.

Agricultural Programs, Regulation of Agricultural Marketing and Commodities, Agricultural Support Prices, Economic aspects, European Union, Agricultural policy, Agricultural price supports

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