Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression

Article Abstract:

Studies relating stress and depression have generally focussed only on the stressors that contribute to depression; little has been mentioned about the stress that is created by depressed individuals. The present study investigated the stressful life experiences of depressed women. It was hypothesized that women with recurrent depression experience a greater number of stressful life events than those in comparison groups and that they are at least in part responsible for an excess of these events. It was also predicted that the relevant stressors are predominantly interpersonal in nature. The authors assessed 60 women who represented four groups: unipolar depression (14 women), bipolar or manic depression (11), chronic medical illness (13), and healthy controls (22). Diagnoses were verified and interviews provided data on life stress. Follow-up interviews were conducted every six months for up to three years. Women with unipolar depression were significantly more likely to be exposed to stressful interpersonal life events than women in other groups, and they were significantly more likely to have contributed to the occurrence of these stressful interpersonal events. This was true even when women with unipolar depression were compared with women who have bipolar depression. The results confirm the hypotheses that depressed women experience more interpersonal stress than nondepressed women and that the stress they experience is at least in part created by them. The findings were most dramatic for women with unipolar depression. It appears that women with unipolar depression have the potential for contributing to the events that lead to chronic or recurrent depressive episodes. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Psychological aspects, Women, Depression, Mental, Depression (Mood disorder)

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Impact of distressed and aggressive behavior

Article Abstract:

The impact of distressed behavior, which is sometimes characteristic of depression, was examined in 48 married couples. A hypothesis was developed concerning the reactions of one spouse to distressed behavior in the other spouse and the emotions this behavior induced. It was predicted that distressed behavior in a spouse prompts a solicitous response, deters aggression, and also produces a negative emotional response in the other spouse. In the first phase, spouse reactions and feelings were noted in response to specific partner behaviors. A second phase involved the use of videotapes that depicted an individual engaging in aggressive, distressed, or neutral behavior in a verbal or nonverbal matter. The subjects reported their reactions to the scenes, and the results of these two phases supported the hypothesis. Spouses typically reacted to their partners' distressed behavior with concern. Aggressive reactions were not induced, but an overall negative response was observed. Conversely, aggressive behavior elicited feelings of hostility and of negativity in the other spouse. Spouse reactions to aggression were also more likely to be argumentative. Researchers feel that these results stress the importance of differentiating between distressed and aggressive behavior. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Aggressiveness (Psychology)

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The role of parents and older siblings in predicting adolescent substance use: modeling development via structural equation latent growth methodology

Article Abstract:

Siblings are significant contributors to the early development of substance use in adolescents. The development of substance use among adolescents follow a trajectory similar to their older siblings. These results are important both for prevention and treatment. Sibling interaction contributes to the perpetuation of use, so the surroundings have to be changed for effective intervention. The advantages of latent growth modeling in the study of developmental change are discussed.

Analysis, Teenagers, Youth, Substance abuse, Drug use, Drugs and youth, Juvenile drug abuse

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