Participation rates and maximal performance: a log-linear explanation for group differences, such as Russian and male dominance in chess

Article Abstract:

An examination of sex and geographical differences in chess performance using maximum/minimum log-linear relation with a slope of nearly 0.7 (MILL7) function indicates that participation rate regulates the maximal performance of males and females in a chess competition. The difference in top performance between male and female is described on the basis of equal mean and a distinct standard deviation. The high rate of world's grand masters from Soviet Union is due to the high level of training offered to men in the country and the relativity high number of male chess players. MILL7 provides a good baseline explanation against which others can be evaluated.

Social aspects, Participation, Chess

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Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences

Article Abstract:

A study exploring the effects of androgen on childhood sex-typed toy preferences was conducted. Subjects were 26 girls and 11 boys with congenital adrenal hyperlapsia. Resultsindicated that the girls significantly preferred masculine toys over feminine toys. There were no significant differences for boys. This may give credence tothe influence of hormones on toy preferences, whether directly or indirectly.

Physiological aspects, Toys, Androgens

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Psychological outcome in children with disorders of sex development: Implications for treatment and understanding typical development

Article Abstract:

The controversies surrounding disorders of sex development (DSD), including the evidence regarding outcome in individuals with DSDs and the implications of the evidence are studied. It is found that there are no fixed rules or time for surgery with respect to sex assignment and also that prenatal androgens affect all gender-related behavior except gender identity.

United States, Care and treatment, Gender identity, Hermaphroditism, Psychosexual development

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