Pak-Afghan drug trade in historical perspective

Article Abstract:

Geopolitical developments in and around Afghanistan, particularly in Pakistan, have increased the international heroin supply in the 1980s. Its topography is ideal for growing opium-poppy. Opium is refined into heroin in Pakistan and then smuggled to Europe and America. Demand increased when governments of Laos and Vietnam fell. In the 1980s the CIA's secret operations in Afghanistan to fight the invading Soviets only strengthened the drug industry. Drug Enforcement Agency's restriction efforts in Pakistan failed because its government was seen to tolerant of the drug trade.

Afghanistan, Pakistan, Drug traffic, Opium trade

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Southeast Asia 'inside out,' 1300-1800: a perspective from the interior

Article Abstract:

The 'Chiang Mai Chronicle' provides an internal perspective on Southeast Asian history during the early modern period, roughly from 1300 to 1800. The chronicle was written in 1827, but the author drew on earlier sources, including manuscripts from the 16th century or earlier. The chronicle provides evidence of a change in values between the 14th and early 19th centuries. Changes in the view of the world, social organization and religion are discussed.

History, Thailand, Southeast Asia, History, Modern, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Putting 'Projectized' Development in Perspective

Article Abstract:

Highlights of a panel discussion on the project approach to development programs are presented. Strengths and historical context of the project approach are outlined. Those who condemn the project approach cite recurrent costs and institution building. Those favoring a program approach cite both instrumental strengths and substantive strengths. It is concluded that the project approach still has merit. However, the methods are ready for reform.

Finance, Economic development

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