Battle to break the U-boat blockade

Article Abstract:

Admiral Karl Donitz was commander of the U-boat fleet and guiding spirit of the Battle of the Atlantic. The U-boats blockaded Britain in Aug 1940 on the 1917 principle of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. U-boats were in fact submersibles or torpedo boats, commanded from shore by a radio signals network. These signals, known as Sigint, were decoded by Ultra, translated at Bletchley Park and fed into the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre. Code-breakers cracked the Enigma ciphers in Jun 1941, saving 300 ships.

Military policy, World War II, 1939-1945, Electronic surveillance, Atlantic Ocean, Submersibles, Doenitz, Karl

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Gummer faces toughest battle yet in PR war

Article Abstract:

Mr Peter Gummer, chairman of the PR group Shandwick, explained the company's loss to investors on May 26 1992. The biggest PR firm in the world has its lowest price, 26p since its UK fees dropped, although its worldwide revenue is alright. The firm is not an advertising company so cannot be compared with others. Retainer-based income makes up three-quarters of its income. Reductions in staff and regional offices are described in the 1991 annual report published in May 1992.

Finance, Public relations, Shandwick PLC

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Locked in the Battle over Britain

Article Abstract:

There are many signs that the UK is very open to change and innovation. It has been greatly affected by its import-export history, and has become extremely outward-going. However, it is facing the problem that it is both fascinated and appalled by change. There is still a certain defensive element, particularly in Scotland, Wales and the north of England, as they seek to sever ties with London.

United Kingdom, International relations

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