Democratizing the DNA sequence

Article Abstract:

The term "revolution" is probably not too strong to describe the effect of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on modern biology. The PCR, developed by scientists at the Cetus Corporation, is a way to amplify the genetic material DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Previously, the only method of obtaining large amounts of specific DNA was to molecularly clone it into the genes of bacteria. This process required a good source of high-quality DNA to start with, which was a requirement not always easy to fulfill. PCR, on the other hand, can start with pretty much anything. Using single-stranded DNA as a template, the PCR synthesizes a complementary strand to form a double-stranded DNA molecule. The double-stranded molecules are then "melted" by raising the temperature, yielding two single-stranded DNA chains for the next cycle. That cycle yields four strands, then 8, then 16, and so forth multiplying the DNA geometrically. In an afternoon's work, a scientist can increase the amount of DNA a billion-fold. The technique has been used to examine DNA sequences from viral infections, to look at the genes associated with genetic disorders, and even to date all of humanity's common ancestors. One of the most intriguing aspects of the PCR is its relative simplicity. Heretofore, DNA cloning was a major project, which required large laboratories and generous grant support. Small research projects simply could not manage these techniques with their limited resources. The PCR method puts genetic technology within the reach of all biologists, eliminating some of the gap between the large biomedical laboratories and the small, academic, basic science labs. In this way, PCR represents a "democratization" of genetic research. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Methods, Polymerase chain reaction, editorial

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Searching for clues to ancient carbon dioxide

Article Abstract:

Earth scientists are developing new methods for determining past carbon dioxide balances by studying deep-sea sediment and in sedimentary rock. The techniques could provide information about the role of carbon dioxide in climatic changes, and this information could help scientists predict future changes.

Research, Climatic changes, Climate change, Paleoclimatology, Atmospheric carbon dioxide

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Astronomers struggle to keep up with their opportunities

Article Abstract:

University of Chile's hilltop observatory in the suburbs of Santiago, Chile, has become the site for some of the world's best telescopes, yet Chile's astronomy budget is stalled at about $1 billion a year, and the number of Chilean astronomers has remained constant since 1965.

Chile, Science and technology policy, Astronomical research, Federal aid to research, Government aid to research

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