Family focus or career focus: controlling for infertility

Article Abstract:

Author's Abstract, COPYRIGHT 1999, Elsevier Science Ltd. In order to shed light on the direction of causality between fertility timing and earnings, this paper used medical diagnoses of infertility as instruments for age at first birth (for those women who did give birth) and childlessness among married women. Although multivariate ordinary least squares regression results find a positive correlation between childbirth at later ages and higher wages as well as between childlessness and increased wages, delays in childbearing due to infertility do not significantly increase a woman's wages. Thus, data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) indicate that delaying childbirth does not, by itself, guarantee higher wages in the labor market. Therefore, this study does not support the conventional notion of the 'mommy track' in which career success and motherhood are incompatible. Keywords: Infertility; Childbearing; Wages; Labor market; United States

Social aspects, Research, Career development, Childbirth, Delivery (Childbirth), Working mothers, Infertility, Mommy track

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Gatekeepers and sentinels: their consolidated effects on inpatient medical care

Article Abstract:

Managed health care programs that use precertification and on-site review cut medical costs and reduce hospital stays. This study showed that on-site review was more useful than precertication in cutting costs, and both together were most effective. Medicare should consider adding on-site review to its current practice of precertification.

Management, Evaluation, Economic aspects, Medical care, Medical care utilization, Managed care plans (Medical care), Medicare

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Forests, water, climate and population: Impacts and policies in a new century

Article Abstract:

The environmental damage disturbing the bio-system and affecting the metabolism of humans and animals are discussed as they are of global nature. Measures to restore the biological balance are advocated.

Analysis, Human settlements, Ecosystems, Environmental degradation

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