Hackers

Article Abstract:

The term hacker probably originated from a general student inventiveness for attention-seeking pranks, or hacks, to a more specific sense of creative invention with given materials in the context of electrical engineering, out of which computing as a distinct discipline was to grow. Hacking was at once an aesthetic and an ethic, in which recognition among hackers was achieved through a shared desire for recognition, achieved through improvements or modifications to each other's programming code.

Ethics, Ethical aspects, Computer hackers, Computers and civilization, Hacker, Computers and society, Philosophy of technology

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Paris visual Academie as first prototype profession: Rethinking the sociology of professions

Article Abstract:

Visual academies were unique social formations best studied as prototype professions that offered liberal instruction combined with occupational practice. The visual Academie in Paris established the first 'graduate school' in any field of activity in 1648 and admitted students on the basis of anonymously scored student competitions, thus enabling one rethink the sociology of professions and considering mid-17th-century France as the place of the first professionalism projects.

France, Professional workers, Professional employees, Professions

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The gift and the given

Article Abstract:

The ancient scholar Seneca and the modern thinker Mauss believe the gift forms the primary social bond, where generosity precedes contract. Gift is what connects and unites, and yet it has come to be that which humans most disagree about, as demonstrated by a series of questions regarding the gift and the given.

Gifts, Social ethics, Ethnology, Cultural anthropology, Social sciences and ethics

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