Perceived masculine and feminine attributes examined as a function of individuals' sex and level in the organizational power hierarchy: a test of four theoretical perspectives

Article Abstract:

Predictions derived from four theoretical formulations, the gender-centered, organization structure, gender-organization, and gender-organization-system perspectives, were tested. Men and women in upper and lower level jobs in a large corporation completed the Masculine and Feminine scales of the Spence and Helmreich (1978) Personal Attributes Questionnaire. In support of the organization structure perspective, perceptions of masculine attributes were found to be related to individuals' level in the organizational power hierarchy: upper level men and women reported possessing more masculine characteristics than did individuals at the lower levels. In support of the gender-centered perspective, perceptions of feminine attributes were found to be related to individuals' gender: Women reported being more feminine than men. The gender-organization and gender-organization-system perspectives were not supported. Explanations for these results as well as the implications of these findings are discussed. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Sex role, Sex roles, Masculinity, Femininity

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Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?

Article Abstract:

Although the study of organizational justice has increased markedly in the past few years, little work has focused on the relationship between justice perceptions and extrarole behaviors. This study examined the relationship between perceptions of fairness and organizational citizenship behaviors in a sample drawn from two firms in the midwestern United States. A theoretical basis for a relationship between fairness and citizenship was drawn from equity theory and other theories of social changes. Structural equation analysis with LISREL 7 found support for four hypotheses, including support for a relationship between perceptions of procedural justice and four of five citizenship dimensions. Conversely, perceptions of distributive justice failed to influence any dimension of citizenship. Implications for the relationship between procedural justice and citizenship are discussed. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Justice, Social perception

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