Implicit theories, attributions, and coping: a meaning system approach

Article Abstract:

Author's Abstract, COPYRIGHT 1999, American Psychological Association, Inc. This research sought to integrate C.S. Dweck and E.L. Leggett's (1988) model with attribution theory. Three studies tested the hypothesis that theories of intelligency -- the belief that intelligence is malleable (incremental theory) versus fixed (entity theory) -- would predict (and create) effort versus ability attributions, which would then mediate mastery-oriented coping. Study 1 revealed that, when given negative feedback, incremental theorists were more likely than entity theorists to attribute to effort. Studies 2 and 3 showed that incremental theorists were more likely than entity theorists to take remedial action if performance was unsatisfactory. Study 3, in which an entity or incremental theory was induced, showed that incremental theorists' remedial action was mediated by their effort attributions. These results sugest that implicit theories create the meaning framework in which attributions occur and are important for understanding motivation.

Psychological aspects, Motivation (Psychology), Adaptability (Psychology), Adjustment (Psychology), Personality and motivation, Personality, Personality (Psychology)

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Toward a paradigm shift: from cross-cultural differences in social cognition to social-cognitive mediation of cultural differences

Article Abstract:

This article addresses the methodology of cultural psychology, focusing on how culture influences social cognition across geographical boundaries. Contemporary cross-cultural research questions the universality of basic psychological theories, and the authors emphasize the importance of viewing cultures as dynamic open systems.

Methods, Cognition, Culture, Cognition and culture

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Cultural identity and dynamic construction of the self: collective duties and individual rights in Chinese and American cultures

Article Abstract:

Research presented concerns the influence of cultural identity activation on the self-concepts of North American and Chinese people. Topics addressed include culture and cognition, individualism and collectivism, and the dynamic constructivist approach to ethnopsychology.

China, Statistical Data Included, Analysis, Americans, Chinese, Chinese (Asian people), Individualism, Self, Collectivism, Self (Psychology)

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