The substitutability of reinforcers

Article Abstract:

The need to incorporate economic analyses in the study of reinforcement is highlighted in an examination of the theory of substitutability, which deals with the continuity of reinforce-interaction. Operant conditioning paradigms are employed in the study of responses to reinforcers. A study on substitutability analyzed the response of rats to two reinforcers, root beer and Tom Collins mix and food and water, under fixed-ratio reinforcement conditions.

Substitution reactions

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Prefrontal brain activity predicts temporally extended decision-making behavior

Article Abstract:

The neural mechanisms underlying behavior during a dynamic decision task that requires subjects to select smaller, short-term monetary payoffs, in order to receive larger, long-term gains, are investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results demonstrate the utility of a functional neuroimaging approach in behavioral psychology, showing that highly circumscribed brain regions are capable of predicting complex choice behavior.

Medical examination, Magnetic resonance imaging, Short-term memory, Behaviorism (Psychology), Behaviorism, Behaviourism

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Prisoner's dilemma and the pigeon: control by immediate consequences

Article Abstract:

Pigeons showed preferences for small term gains over the long term gains in their response choices while playing the prisoner's dilemma and other 2x2 games. Birds showed impulsiveness and preference for immediate awards, thus forgoing self-control. Implications of these results for humans and nonhumans are discussed.

Behavioral assessment, Pigeons, Choice (Psychology), Prisoner's dilemma game

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