Discovery of an extended sodium atmosphere around Europa

Article Abstract:

The atmosphere of Europa, a satellite of Jupiter, is characterized by the presence of atomic sodium that extends to nearly 25 times the radius of Europa. The sodium may be released from Io's volcanos, ionized in magnetosphere, and incorporated into Europa's surface ice. Sputtering of ice surface by magnetospheric ions may release the sodium to produce the extended atmosphere. The emission lines are localized at wavelengths of 5895.77 and 5889.90 angstroms. The removal rate of sodium from Europa's surface may be 1 g to 100 g per second.

Discovery and exploration

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Geological evidence for solid-state convection in Europa's ice shell

Article Abstract:

High-resolution images of the jovian satellite Europa obtained by the Galileo spacecraft present distinct surface features, including domes and spots. The features generally alter and disrupt the pre-existing plains, which are extensive and made up of subparallel ridges and grooves overlapping in successive generations. It appears that the domes, pits and spots exist where mottled plains units occur.

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Isotropic evidence for a solar argon component in the Earth's mantle

Article Abstract:

Research indicates that solar noble gas argon exists in the Earth's mantle. Noble isotope measurements in mantle samples taken from the mid-ocean ridge basalt of the southern East Pacific Rise are illustrated. Evidence suggests that solar noble gases krypton and xenon also exist within the mantle.

Noble gases, Gases, Rare

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