Fast process, slow progress

Article Abstract:

A new hypothesis may account for how galaxies attain the state of violent relaxation that D. Lynden-Bell first hypothesized in 1967. This paradoxical condition has been confirmed by subsequent research and is necessary to envision how galaxies achieve internal stability after imparting energy to the stars that comprise them. D.N. Spergel and L. Hernquist now suggest that the internal structure produced by violent relaxation may develop through the combined action of physical forces on the constituent stars.

Models, Galaxies, Astrophysics

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Structural basis for the binding of a globular antifreeze protein to ice

Article Abstract:

A recombinant type III antifreeze protein (AFP) of eel pout, that lacks repeating ice-binding residues, has a flat amphipathic ice-binding site containing five-hydrogen binding atoms. The orientation of the AFP hydrogen and oxygen atoms provides high ice-binding affinity and specificity. The binding of the type III AFP to a step in the ice surface forms a hexagonal bipyramid. The AFP cover the basal plane on the ice surface to bind with the prism face.

Research, Analysis, Observations, Protein binding, Molecular structure, Structure-activity relationships (Biochemistry)

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