Shyness and boldness in pumpkinseed sunfish: individual differences are context-specific

Article Abstract:

Research was conducted to examine context specificity in terms of boldness and shyness in pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus. The fish was exposed to both a nonthreatening stimulus and a potentially harmful stimulus and measured shyness and boldness to the behaviors displayed in times of focal observations. Results indicate consistent individual differences within both contexts which did not exhibit any correlation across contexts. Findings reveal that boldness and shyness are context-specific.

Pumpkinseed (Fish)

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The Down-Up display of the mallard: one display, two orientations

Article Abstract:

The Down-Up (DU) display of the mallard during bouts with other mallards was analyzed to determine the orientations behind such behavior. Results suggested that there are two orientations to the DU display. DU displays occurring early in the bout are directed towards the female as function of courtship, while DU displays given later in the bout are directed towards the first male of the bout to display as form of appeasement.

Courtship of animals, Mating behavior, Mallard, Display behavior in animals, Animal display behavior

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