The existence of supercooled liquid water at 150K
Article Abstract:
Supercooled water may provide clues to the anomalous properties of its usual liquid state. Certain theories preclude the existence of supercooled liquid below 22 K. The diffusivity of amorphous ice has been determined by the study of isotope intermixing in films of less than 50 nanometres in thickness. The magnitude and temperature dependence of the diffusivity is consistent with the concept that amorphous solid water melts into an extension of normal liquid water prior to crystallizing at 160 K.
Publication Name: Nature
Subject: Zoology and wildlife conservation
ISSN: 0028-0836
Year: 1999
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Antibody catalysis of a reaction otherwise strongly disfavoured in water
Article Abstract:
The catalysis of the protonation of the enol ether 1 by the elicitation of the antibody against a quaternary ammonium ion results in the formation of an oxocarbonium intermediate exhibits complete enantioselectivity and is highly reactive in water, forming betone 2. The formation of oxacarbonium intermediate reveals that catalytic antibodies eliminate solvent molecules in the protonation reaction, which enables its occurrence in water.
Publication Name: Nature
Subject: Zoology and wildlife conservation
ISSN: 0028-0836
Year: 1995
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Effect of high salt concentrations on water structure
Article Abstract:
The effects of both pressure and salt concentrations on the water structure are comparatively evaluated to test Hofmeister's thesis on the effects of high saline concentrations. Results show that salt has as much an effect on water composition as pressure and temperature. The effect was also found to be related to the molar constitution and volume of the ions in relation to water molecules.
Publication Name: Nature
Subject: Zoology and wildlife conservation
ISSN: 0028-0836
Year: 1995
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