Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene

Article Abstract:

Experiments are conducted on graphene, a condensed matter system, in which electron transport is governed by Dirac's relativistic equation and a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions are observed. Observations reveal that graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous and that the cyclotron mass m(sub c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E=m(sub c)c(super 2).

United States, Analysis, Electric properties, Condensed matter, Spectra, Dirac equation

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Phase transitions in individual sub-micrometre superconductors

Article Abstract:

Research using ballistic Hall magnetrometry shows that individual superconducting discs of a 100 nanometers thickness exhibit different phase transition characteristics to macroscopic and microscopic superconductors. The bistable superconductivity pattern is identified through superconducting phase boundary measurements using the linearized Ginzburg-Landau equation. The magnetization responses of individual sub-micrometre aluminium discs are shown.

Phase transformations (Statistical physics), Phase transitions (Physics), Magnetic properties

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Non-quantized penetration of magnetic field in the vortex state of superconductors

Article Abstract:

Flux introduced by individual vortices in a superconducting film was measured.

Magnetic flux

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