Biology, ecology, and biotechnological applications of anaerobic bacteria adapted to environmental stresses in temperature, pH, salinity, or substrates

Article Abstract:

Anaerobic bacteria are evolved under extreme physiological and biochemical conditions like high temperature, high salinity, low or high pH. These conditions are essential for industrial processes as they maximize reaction rates and product yields, and facilitate product stability. Thermoanaerobes, which evolve above 100 degrees Centigrade, serve as model systems in providing information on metabolic groups of anaerobes such as methanogens, acetogens and ethanol producers. Syntrophs, which are composed of obligate protons and carbonate reducing acetogens, oxidize fatty acids, ethanol and benzoate to produce acetate. The metabolic products of syntrophs negate the energy conservation mechanisms, and need to be eliminated.

Usage, Enzymes, Anaerobic bacteria

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Evolution and ecology of influenza A virus

Article Abstract:

The evolution of pandemic influenza A viruses, based on continuing dependence on the aquatic avian gene reservoir, is established. The relationship between the influenza viruses and their host aquatic birds, and how such interactions persisted was discussed. Several conclusions were made based on the phylogenetic analysis of influenza A virus RNA segments for the internal and spike proteins. Among these were the confirmation of a global pool for the influenza virus in aquatic birds and the evolution of host-specific lineages.

Influenza viruses

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Biological control of chestnut blight: an example of virus-mediated attenuation of fungal pathogenesis

Article Abstract:

A natural form of biological control was developed as an alternative to the environmentally hazardous chemical means of control of microbial pests. The virulence of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectaria parasitica, was attentuated by the manipulation of an endogenous viral RNA genetic element. Further studies had been planned in the use of the genetically engineered transmissible hypovirulence for a more effective management of pathogenic fungi.

Control, Plant genetic engineering, Fungi, Pathogenic, Pathogenic fungi, Chestnut blight

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