Delayed effect of monsoon rains influences laying date of a Passerine bird living in an arid environment

Article Abstract:

The breeding of Passerine birds is effected by food supplies which are governed by seasonal rains. The onset of laying depends on the physiological condition of the females. It is enhanced by an increase in the insect number and the mildness of winter. The breeding is retarded in birds exposed to severe winters. The mean date of laying of first clutch depends on the minimum temperature of the preceding winter. The cold weather also lowers the body mass of the birds.

Research, Passeriformes, Perching birds, Birds, Bird breeding, Monsoons

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Movement of urine in the lower colon and cloaca of Ostriches

Article Abstract:

Examinations of the lower colon and cloaca of the Ostrich illustrated their dependence on kidney functioning in regulating their voided fluid composition. Proctodeum and coprodeum, which are parts of their cloaca, perform the respective tasks of storing excess urine by acting as a bladder and retaining uric acid.

Kidneys, Kidney, Ostriches, Urine, Urinary retention

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