Europe in orbit

Article Abstract:

Twelve of 13 member states in the European Space Agency (ESA) agreed in Nov 1987 on a long-range plan to make Europe an independent operator in outer space explorations. It is anticipated that such exploration will produce major help for high technology firms, producing 'spin-offs', and improving European nations' ability to compete internationally. Some 90 primary European space contractors pass along about 50 percent of space contracts' value to hundreds of small subcontractors. Implications also exist for enhanced European political unity and defense initiatives. It is suggested that French and German security ambitions in space could provoke tensions in neutral nations such as Sweden and Austria. The ESA charter limits space exploration to peaceful activities.

Planning, High technology industry, International aspects, Science and technology policy, Western Europe, Discovery and exploration, Outer space, Space exploration, Astronautical research, International cooperation, European Space Agency

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The EC's Lord Cockfield: bullying Europe towards unity

Article Abstract:

Francis Arthur (Lord) Cockfield, vice president of the European Commission on internal markets, is working with other representatives within the 12-nation European Community (EC) to erase national commercial boundaries and create what is being referred to as the "great market." Once created, the great market would be comparable in size to the U.S. and Japanese markets, thus affording European corporations better chances for success. The Cockfield program for eliminating all fiscal, legislative, technical and physical trade barriers within the EC is described. If acted upon, the program would ensure the great market's creation by 1992. Cockfield's comments on the program and existing trade barriers, as well as the views of other EC industrialists, are discussed.

European Union, Balance of trade, Trade policy, Commercial policy, Free trade, European Economic Community

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Lord Cockfield: 1992 is irreversible

Article Abstract:

European Commission for the Internal Market VP Arthur Lord Cockfield strongly believes that the European internal market can be completed by its 1992 deadline. He admits that difficult problems remain in drafting proposals for plant and animal health and for the pharmaceutical industry, but also says that 90% of the market proposals will be in legislative form by Dec 31, 1988. Directives about supplies, public works, and compliance will permit national controls on governmental honesty. Lord Cockfield states that growing flexibility among members of the European Community will aid the harmonization of value added taxes and strengthen the European monetary system.

Officials and employees, Monetary policy, European Union. European Commission, interview

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