Free the 'protected gorillas'

Article Abstract:

The unification of the European Community after January, 1993 will have major effects on nationalized and state-owned companies, and policy makers are examining the issue of how to make sure private, nationalized, and state-owned businesses operate at the same level, governed by the same measures.State owned companies have some economic advantages over private companies including their access to government funds, immunity from takeover threats, and insulation from short term market trends. Some countries, such as Great Britain, have been active in privatizing their state-owned companies, while others maintain their government control. France and Italy have most of the ten largest state owned companies. Some believe that difficulties would be reduced if countries move toward denationalization by selling off state shares.

Analysis, Privatization, Privatization (Business), Government ownership, Nationalization

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Chipping away at Europe's high-tech nationalism

Article Abstract:

European Silicon Structures (ESS) is a pan-European firm founded in 1985 to design and manufacture low-volume, custom semi-conductor chips. ESS is characterized as the most original response to Japanese and US domination of the European semiconductor market. ESS's initial success has demonstrated that European trade barriers can be overcome, and that Europeans have enough management and technological abilities to compete internationally. ESS has operations in four countries, financial backing from ten, franchisees in eight, and seven nationalities are represented on its board.

Semiconductors and related devices, Semiconductor industry, European Silicon Structures

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Where adversaries converge

Article Abstract:

The European Community (EC) faces the challenge of promoting unification of Europe with the 1992 European Free Trade Agreement, while acknowledging the nationalism that continues to separate individual European nations. Many elements of a united Europe are already in place. Products are subject to regulations by the European Community, and the European Court of Justice has developed as a significant force. A unified Europe will require that the separation between national and EC authority be carefully determined.

European Union, European Community, European Union. Court of Justice of the European Communities

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