The U.S. budgetary process

Article Abstract:

The U.S. budget is of international concern since deficits can affect interest rates within the U.S. and also in many other countries that want to prevent capital flight. In December 1985, the U.S. Congress passed the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act, also knows as the 'Gramm-Rudman' bill to control the deficit. Under this new provision, the budget deficit for 1987 has been set at $143.6 billion from a total budget of $850.4 billion. The major drawback of this Act is that it leaves a loophole concerning defense spending allowing the president as the commander-in-chief to overrule the limitations on grounds of national security. The bill encouraged cuts in welfare, education, and the Commerce Department.

Budget, Budgeting, Budgets, Political aspects, Expenditures, Public, Public expenditures, Finance

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What lies behind the tariff-setting process

Article Abstract:

In a recent Economic Council paper, John Baldwin and Paul Gorecki examine the Canadian tariff structure. In studying 108 manufacturing industries and the tariff levels for 1966 and 1970, results indicated that industries protected by tariffs generally had higher production costs, lower wages, and were not adaptable to market circumstances. Tariff levels are intended to protect industries without a competitive edge, but the tariffs are also affected by political considerations. It is concluded that while economic factors affecting tariffs have been stable, political determinants have not been.

Analysis, Canada, Speeches, lectures and essays, Tariffs, Baldwin, John, Gorecki, Paul

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Behind the diplomatic curtain: inner workings of the new global negotiations

Article Abstract:

The process involved in the organization of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) is an illustration of how global negotiations work. Negotiations followed a sequence of plenary sessions, the establishment of working groups, debates on a single negotiating text and agreement on a final treaty. The secretariat documented and translated proceedings and kept the negotiations within a time frame. The private sector has shown its clout during the UNCED, and all indications point towards the need for increased cooperation among governments and the private sector.

Planning, Negotiation, Negotiations, Conferences and conventions, International cooperation, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992

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