The road to riches

Article Abstract:

Economic development was slow from 1000 to 1750, and then productivity improved outside agriculture following industrialization. The accumulation of knowledge in mathematics, science and technology helped development, though many investions came from practical men in a wide range of industries. Food preservation was developed before there was an understanding of bacteria. China was making progress until 1400, and lack of progress thereafter may be due to a desire for stability. Long sea voyages from China ended during the 15th century. Investment, specialization, and trust in business are also important. Rivalry between governments in Europe also meant that no one European ruler could easily block change.

China, Europe, Economic development, Chinese history, European history

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The end of the king - and kings

Article Abstract:

Charles l of England was executed in 1649 after a civil war. There were fears that civil war could erupt again if he lived. Parliament was not concerned with the abolition of the monarchy so much as with the protection of parliamentary rights. Charles saw England as an hereditary kingdom rather than as an elective kingdom, but this meant that England was vulnerable to monarchs who did not have the interests of England at heart. There was some concern that parliament could become tyrannical, though the army was seen as providing some protection against this.

United Kingdom, Political activity, Monarchy, Charles I, King of England, English Commonwealth, 1649-1660

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