Absence of infectious HIV-1 in the urine of seropositive viremic patients

Article Abstract:

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the agent responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has been successfully isolated from blood, semen, tears, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk and cervical secretions, but not urine. As the average age of AIDS patients rapidly lowers because of increasing numbers of infants and small children, the role of urine as means of transmitting the virus becomes a significant concern to health workers and patient families. Urine and blood samples were collected from a group of 38 HIV-positive adults and 10 HIV-positive children. None of the urine samples were culture-positive for HIV. It should be noted that the addition of amphotericin B as an antifungal agent appeared to have some antiviral effect not observed with mycostatin-treated specimens. The impact of antiviral drugs or their metabolites on the virus isolation effort is not described. The reported absence of virus capable of replication is a significant finding, suggesting the absence of a transmission risk with urine. However, it is suggested that ''universal precautions'' be continued for all body fluids, since contamination of the urine with blood would heighten the risk of infection. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Infection, HIV (Viruses), HIV, Disease transmission, Urine, Urine culture, Body fluids

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Hepatitis C: the surprise infectious disease of the decade

Article Abstract:

Almost 4 million Americans have the Hepatitis C virus and many of them are not aware that they have it. Hepatitis C causes inflammation of the liver. It is the leading reason for liver transplants and the second leading cause of liver disease after alcoholism. It is generally transmitted through contact with contaminated blood. It may also be transmitted sexually in rare cases. The best treatment is the drug interferon alpha which inhibits viral replication.

Health aspects, Physiological aspects, Hepatitis C, Interferon alpha

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Infectious mononucleosis

Article Abstract:

Health care providers should educate themselves about the diagnosis and treatment of infectious mononucleosis (IM) as well as the conditions which initially appear to be IM. Individuals aged 15 to 25 are most often affected by IM, and Epstein-Barr virus is a causative in most cases. Health care providers can diagnose IM with a monospot test, throat culture or blood test. Other conditions which present as IM include cytomegalovirus and HIV.

Diagnosis, Mononucleosis, Infectious mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus diseases

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