The Holy See at United Nations conferences: state or church?

Article Abstract:

The Holy See's current status as Non-Member State Permanent Observer at the United Nations should be revoked because the Catholic Church does not meet international definitions of statehood. The Roman Catholic Church should be considered a non-governmental organization. The issue of its unique status has been raised at recent United Nations conferences. Continuing to allow the Holy See to participate in United Nations as a state would suggest that other religions that obtain dominion over a small area of land would also be able to insist on Non-Member State Permanent Observer status.

Laws, regulations and rules, International relations, Non-governmental organizations, Nongovernmental organizations, United Nations, Vatican foreign relations, Catholic Church, State (Political science), Roman Catholicism, international, Papacy

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Mission impossible: settling the just bounds between church and state

Article Abstract:

All liberal analyses of governments' responses to religious illiberal forces are failures because of the underlying contradiction in the original Lockean analysis. All liberal analysts of church and state tensions have begun their discussions without questioning the basic faulty reasoning instituted by John Locke in 1689. The Lockean tenet that all churches are orthodox to themselves and no earthly power can adjudicate their differences, can never accomodate government action against churches. The Hobbesian illiberal view can more realistically deal with illiberal forces.

United States, Analysis, Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Religious tolerance, Locke, John

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Law among liberal states: liberal internationalism and the act of state doctrine

Article Abstract:

A model based on liberal internationalism explains the paradoxical application of the act of state doctrine in Banco Nacional de Cuba v Sabbatino and subsequent decisions. According to the model, liberal states, those nations with representative governments, market economies and constitutional civil rights, act differently toward one another than toward nonliberal states. For example, courts are willing to judge the validity of laws of other liberal states, but issues concerning nonliberal states are treated as political questions outside the legal realm.

International aspects, Internationalism, Act of state

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