COPs: an emerging financing technique

Article Abstract:

Certificates of Participation (COPs) are increasingly being used by public entities as tax-exempt financing tools for constructing public facilities. COPS were first used by local and state governments to fund such unpopular projects as correctional facitlies and power plants, but have gone on to be used to finance downtown projects, including transportation facilities and civic centers. The popularity of COPs may be attributed to their unique features. Unlike bonds, COPs are not governed by interest rate limitations, election requirements, competitive sale requirements and other such statutory requirements. Furthermore, these certificates dispense with the need for public entities and contractors to undergo government procurement processes while promoting negotiations for top-of-the-line construction materials, equipment and services for public projects.

Usage, Evaluation, Finance, Public finance, Administrative agencies, Government agencies, Certificates of participation (Securities), Participation certificates (Securities)

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Why shouldn't a union man be a union man? The ILGWU and FOUR

Article Abstract:

Bureaucratization of the unions in the 1950s and 1960s made unions resistant to change which caused a division between the leadership and the workers. The relationship between the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) and the Federation of Union Representatives (FOUR), an internal union founded in 1959, shows the breakdown within unions. The members of ILGWU were mostly Jewish and Italian women but its leaders were white men. FOUR challenged the authority of ILGWU but ILGWU was unwilling to give its members bargaining rights. The conflict continued until FOUR was defeated in 1965 and contributed to the unions' loss of power.

Social aspects, Management, Labor unions, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union

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Casual dress makes an office fashion statement

Article Abstract:

A survey conducted by Evans Research Associates has revealed that casual dress codes are gaining ground in corporate America. About 90% of 505 human resource managers surveyed reported that their companies allow employees to wear casual clothing to work. The respondents cited several benefits from dressing casually to work such as improvement of employee morale, perception of added employee benefit and money-saving. Almost half of the respondents also claimed that wearing casual clothing to work improves productivity.

Surveys, Clothing and dress, Clothing, Human resource directors, Workers

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