Requirements, Reasons, and Raz: Legal Positivism and Legal Duties(*)

Article Abstract:

Joseph Raz, who concerns himself with judicial and political philosophy, asserts that the meaning of the word 'obligation' in legal context is the same as that word's meaning in moral context. He has argued that statements of legal obligation by judges are statements also of moral obligation. His ideas are of special interest to anyone who wants to defend legal positivism. A given assertion may declare the existence of some legal duty but be made by someone with no actual commitment to moral obligation underlying the duty. Still it carries the implication that the duty is morally binding. When judges or other officials speak to the validity of propositions that concern legal obligations, they affirm or appear to affirm propositions asserting moral obligation.

Law, Judges, Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Judicial ethics, Ethical aspects, Political obligation, Legal positivism, Raz, Joseph

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Ripening Apple

Article Abstract:

Another version of the Apple II personal computer series will probably be introduced at the 1984 Summer CES. The Apple IIe will be a portable package with a 5.25 inch disk drive and will come without a monitor. The computer will rely on the 6502 microprocessor and have a $995 list price.

Personal Computers, New Product, product announcement, Microcomputer, Companies, Apple IIe

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Dragons and damsels

Article Abstract:

The damselfly and its larger relative the dragonfly belong to the insect order odonata. The anatomy, behavior and life cycle of these mosquito-consuming insects is described.

Behavior, Damselflies, Dragonflies, Odonata

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