Lessons from Europe

Article Abstract:

The preconditionist and universalist perspectives of emergence of democracy are discussed within the intellectual and historical context of democratization and democracy promotion in European countries. The struggle for democracy in France, Italy, Germany and Spain are examined to reveal that democracy developed in various ways and in various local contexts across Europe, but the transition was not smooth, peaceful or in a straightforward, stage-like progression.

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Taming extremist parties: lessons from Europe

Article Abstract:

The lessons to be learnt from Europe on transforming extremist parties into moderates through the process of democratization are discussed. Three European theories are used to illustrate that the organization of political institutions and participation in social good would effectively turn them away from extremism and into mainstream democratic processes.

Political history

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The vain hope for "correct" timing

Article Abstract:

The article discusses the "correct" timing for implementation of democratic change that should be followed, that we should apply democratic changes only when the situation is ideal, but those ideal conditions do not really exist.

Italy, Austria, Spain, Authoritarianism

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