The moral case for free trade

Article Abstract:

Free trade is morally preferable to protectionism because it does not violate human rights. Trade restrictions such as quotas, tariffs and antidumping laws violate contract, association and property rights. The utilitarian grounds on which the issue is generally judged do not adequately protect human rights. Furthermore, any gradualist program for adopting free trade is actually a form of protectionism that should be rejected.

Ethical aspects, Protectionism, Free trade, international

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Arbitration of expropriation disputes between an investor and the state under the North American Free Trade Agreement

Article Abstract:

Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement includes provisions that restrict the power of the governments of Canada, Mexico and the US to expropriate or nationalize investments. Expropriation is permitted only when it serves a public purpose, is not discriminatory, conforms to due process and minimum treatment standards, and compensation is paid. An arbitration procedure is also included.

United States, Analysis, Canada, Negotiation, mediation and arbitration, Mexico, Commercial arbitration, Eminent domain (International law)

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Linkages between international financial and trade institutions

Article Abstract:

Issues are presented concerning the interrelationships which exist between the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization. The influence of floating exchange rates is discussed.

All Other Nondepository Credit Intermediation, NONDEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS, Financial Institutions NEC, International Monetary Fund, Finance, Joint ventures, Foreign exchange, Developing countries, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Financial institutions

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