British annexation of Sind in 1943: an economic perspective

Article Abstract:

England's annexation of Sind apparently had an economic motivation as well as the accepted purposes of self-glorification by General Sir Charles Napier, and securing British India's northwest frontier. Sind produced no opium, but by seizing that territory the British controlled all exports of opium from the region. That enabled them to impose export fees, which they varied with the effect of controlling the total amounts and pricing of all opium sent to China. Thus, despite Sind's unprofitability, it made Bombay very profitable.

History, 19th century AD, Opium trade, Territorial expansion, Sind, Pakistan, Acquisition of territory

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'Those noble exemplars of the true military tradition': constructions of the Indian army in the mid-Victorian press

Article Abstract:

Victorian England's perception of India and its Imperialists rulers was largely shaped by the military which used the press as well as politics, literary fashions, and racial stereotypes to promote its various agendas. Military ideas saturated much of the popular culture at the time and India was often considered as much a military site as a commercial one during the mid-nineteenth century. Imperial rulers took advantage of the Victorian press to promote their agendas on race, culture, and the superiority of the British forces.

Social aspects, United Kingdom, Political aspects, Portrayals, United Kingdom. Army, British newspapers

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Indigenous knowledge and the significance of South-West India for Portuguese and Dutch constructions of tropical nature

Article Abstract:

Botanical gardens became associated with European expansionism and provided Western Europe with scientific knowledge about global nature. The gardens affected man's ability to assess his ecological influence on the global environment. The Dutch were the first to develop recognition of these constraints as they colonized the Cape of Good Hope. The French and the English later followed the example of the Dutch in preserving the environment.

Demographic aspects, Environmental aspects, Botanical gardens, Europeans, Colonization, Tropical plants, Europeans in foreign countries

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