Loyalty, locality and authority in several opinions (fatawa) delivered by the Mufti of the Jami'ah Nizamiyyah Madrasah, Hyderabad, India

Article Abstract:

The study of the Holy Law in different contexts shows that there has been a clear change in the Holy Law as social, political and economic conditions have changed while maintaining its separation from the state. This study can help in solving the sense of context which is missing in purely legal research. The mufti today is faced with solving many new problems, trying to find solutions and thus perhaps being more powerful in the 1990s than in the past. The history of the city of Hyderabad and of the Jamiah Nizamiyyah madarsa is also detailed.

Social aspects, Hyderabad, India, Fatwas

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Education for national efficiency: constructive nationalism in north India, 1909-1916

Article Abstract:

Traditional study of Indian nationalism's history discounts the 1909-1916 period, but this was an era of developing efficiency, and especially education, along national lines. These trends furthered Indian concepts of unity, dissatisfaction with the status quo, and institutional capacity for sophisticated administration. The international climate then emphasized efficiency, eugenics, and racial competition, making ostensibly non-political self-help activities more evidently political.

Education, Education and state, Education policy, India, 20th century AD, Nationalism, Hindus

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No boats to China. The Dutch East India Company and the changing pattern of the China sea trade, 1635-1690

Article Abstract:

Dutch traders decided to discontinue commercial trade in the China Sea in favor of Indian Ocean trade because competition with Asian traders made Dutch trade unprofitable. Japanese institutional changes that fixed import and export ceilings were strong factors, along with other problems that affected the Dutch East India Company. As the largest trading company, the Dutch East India Company also had the capacity to reallocate resources to the Indian Ocean.

Economic aspects, Finance, International trade, China Sea, Dutch East India Company

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