The writer's truth: representation of identities in Indian fiction

Article Abstract:

Indian intellectuals used historical fiction to increase nationalism in India just before and following independence in 1947. To combat the history written by Europeans intellectuals wrote fiction that copied the style of earlier Indian epics, used their native tongue and emphasized the importance of culture. Authors questioned colonialism and the Oriental models of European writers and provided alternative ways to understand Indian history. The paradoxical writings called for a respect of culture as necessary for identity and the abandonment of tradition for modernity.

India, Portrayals, National characteristics, Indian literature, 1940s (Decade) AD, Historical fiction

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Democratization in developing countries: 1980-1989

Article Abstract:

The latter 1980s witnessed the quantitative growth of less developed countries (LDC) experiencing democracy. The success of this democratization process among LDCs is strongly determined by the relationship between the state and society. If power is spread evenly between social, political and economic groups, democracy is likely to be successful. Additionally, Islam should not be seen as a hindrance to democracy in Muslim countries.

Research, Developing countries, Democracy

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Sectarianism in Pakistan: the radicalization of Shi'i and Sunni identities

Article Abstract:

Sectarian conflict in Pakistan between majority Sunni and minority Shi'i Muslim groups is rooted in differences that date back 1,000 years but which take specific modern forms. Sunni and Shi'i groups have for centuries differed over the ultimate authority for religious beliefs. The nature of the 20th-century Pakistani middle class and the influence of the Iranian revolution have also impacted the relations between the groups.

Social aspects, History, Pakistan, Religious aspects, Muslims, Religion and politics, Sunnites, Shiites, Muslims in Pakistan

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